The current standard of care for bone and spinal fusion procedures, autograft, is an open surgical procedure to harvest autogenous (patient’s own) bone from the iliac crest. In the case of spinal fusion, the harvested bone is ground in the operating room and packed into an interbody spacer to fuse the vertebrae. The autograft procedure, while clinically effective, requires a second open surgery, and exposes the patient to increased blood loss, risk of infection, significant chronic pain and extended hospital stay. The autograft failure rate increases significantly in patients who have comorbidities such as diabetes and osteonecrosis. Lastly, in multi-level spinal fusion procedures, autograft bone matrices must be supplemented by synthetic or demineralized (from cadavers) bone matrices since the amount of bone that can he harvested is limited. As a result of these limitations, there is a growing market for less invasive alternatives to autograft for bone grafting procedures with improved clinical outcomes.